Stargate School - Stephen Pegler - Science notes for the week of April 21, 2008

Location: Blogs Dr. Pegler's Blog
Posted by: Stephen Pegler	Monday, April 21, 2008
Today we will practice more balancing of chemical equations. Tomorrow the students will receive the last of their homework packets for the year. It is due on May 19. On Tuesday the students will work on this packet. I will out attending some district training. On Wednesday we will learn about the six types of chemical reactions. Thursday is the choice field trip day. On Friday we will do an acid base lab and introduce acids and bases.

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This year we will cover Physics and Chemistry. Physics will go through about February, and the rest of the year will be dedicated to Chemistry. Below is a rough outline of what we will cover.

Class rules and expectations
Lab safety
Lab equipment: names and functions
Scientific method and experimental results
Nature of science and junk science
Significant Figures, accuracy vs. precision, and powers of ten
Measurement of distance, volume, temperature, mass
Variables: dependent, independent
Models
Density
Viscosity
Motion: interactions, definitions and descriptions of: acceleration, speed, velocity, inertia, mass, momentum
Energy: definitions and descriptions of force, friction, net force, Newton’s 3 laws, weight, mass & inertia
Types of energy: chemical, electrical, nuclear, potential, kinetic, mechanical, alternative energy, renewable & nonrenewable energy
Waves: parts of waves, diffraction, frequency, interference, reflection, refraction, types of waves
Sound: pitch, Doppler effect, echo, loudness, pitch. Wave material as it relates to sound
Light: EM spectrum, wave material as it relates to light, lasers, polarized light, primary light colors.
Lenses and mirrors: types, how light moves through them, focal points, reflection, refraction
Electricity: circuit, conductor, insulator, circuit types, resistance, voltage, static charge, current, electromagnets (This will be covered in the Adventure Engineering unit, “Power Up” in December.)
Magnetism: polarity, magnetic fields, relationship to electricity, electromagnet, generator, motor
States of matter and changes (condensation, freezing, thawing, sublimation, solid, liquid, gas)
Atomic structure and particles of atoms and isotopes
Elements and molecules
Solutions, compounds, mixtures
Periodic table: organization, information contained, family & period names (metals, metalloids, halogens, alkali metals etc.)
Physical & chemical changes
Electron levels
Electron dot diagrams
Types of bonds
Molecular formulas, moles
Types of reactions
Chemical equations, parts of equations
Acids-bases

The textbooks for this course are:

Introduction to Physical Science ISBN 0-07-826880-X
Physical Science ISBN 0-02-827567-5 (It has a green roller coaster. Different editions may have different ISBNs. Go by the roller coaster color.)

Both are published by Glencoe. The first book is a Middle School level book, which is probably too easy for most of our students. I have a class set of it. The second is more difficult, and is probably too hard for many of our students. I have about six copies of it. The homework sheets are drawn from materials that go with the second book. That does present a problem, as the pages listed on the homework sheets don't match the books I have the most copies of!

I have found the second book on ebay, half.com, amazon.com and other sites.

One of the solutions to this problem is to post websites that help students with this material. I will try and post them in a likely spot that will be easy to find.

Materials online related to the second textbook:
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/lep_science/physical_science/index.html
Materials online related to the first textbook, including an online student edition:
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/lep_science/lep2002/national/ips/index.html

Last Extra Credit

For 25 points, students may prepare a writeup, carry it out and present their findings on electroplating. They may either present their lab to the class and explain it, or prepare a written report with pictures. Students will need to find the information on their own. Due date will be Friday, May 23.

Last Packet

This is assigned on Tuesday, April 22 and is due on May 19. Tuesday will be a day to work on the packet in class.

Extra Credit (assigned March 3)

The first is due this Friday. Find the other three states of matter (one is sometimes not counted) and write a paragraph describing each. Homework category and up to fifteen points.

The second is due after Spring Break. Answer no more than two of these questions. Each answer should be at least one, but no more than two pages long.

What allows animals & people to perceive color?
What is light therapy and how does it work?
How/why do we perceive colors as warm, cold, inviting, etc?
How do transition lenses block light?
What is color blindness and how is it caused?
How do TVs and computer monitors work?
How do scientists measure the wavelength of light?
How do MRIs and CAT scans work?
How are contact lenses made?

States of Matter and Atomic Structure Packet (assigned March 3)

New packet, due after Spring Break

Light and Optics

Homework packet assigned Friday, February 8, due Monday February 25.

Sound and Wave unit (assigned January 22, due by February 4)

Students are responsible for six activities as follows: Three from column C, two from column B, and one from column A. They must pass the vocabulary quiz with 80% or greater, and the unit test with a 70% or greater.

Extra Credit due January 31 (assigned December 20)

Make a Newton's Rocker and write a summary of how it works.

Make either a motor or a generator and explain in writing how it works.

You may do one of the three that are described above. A maximum of twenty points in the homework category will be awarded.

HW for December, due January 10, 2008

Go to: http://www.energyscience.org/education/images/ESITH%20Student%20Guide%202006-7%20Suncor%20logo.pdf

You will also need to go to:

http://www.ase.org/section/homeenergycheckup/

for some of the activities. (pages 1-30 and 38-40)

You do not need to do the color competition or the insulation race or the heat conduction or windows activities. You do need to do the l"ight bulbs or heat bulbs" activity.

You will need to keep a separate notebook for these activities. This notebook will be collected on January 10.

HW packet assigned Nov 1, due Nov 19

This one is on motion and forces and begins with the copyright page!

Extra Credit for First Trimester

1. Watch a science related video. This may be from Nature, National Geographic, Discover etc. It must relate to science or technology. For each HW extra credit worth ten points, you must watch an hour's show and write at least one page about it. The maximum number that you may do is three.

2. Write a report related to something that we have covered so far this trimester or something that we will cover later this trimester. Anything related to density, viscosity, scientific method, Newton's Laws, force, energy, motion is acceptable. Please ask me before you start. Length: 1-2 pages for 10 points HW extra credit. The maximum number that you may do is three.

THESE WILL BE DUE BY FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 16.

Assigned October 1, due November 1
Motion, Velocity & Acceleration Homework Packet

Assigned September 13, due September 27
Find a small object (thumb tack, pliers) and draw a scaled up version of it that is 10x bigger with all the details included.
or
Find a large object (stove, refrigerator) and draw a scaled down version that is 10x smaller with all the details included.
Please, no models. Drawings only. Make sure that you have the details that go with the object.
Worth: 50 points Measurements in METRIC must be included.

Second assignment also due on September 27

First Homework packet

23. Warmup for Tuesday, May 13, 2008

1. Describe a combustion reaction.

2. Describe the characteristics of bases.

3. What is the molecular formula for calcium bromide?

4. If you remove energy to a liquid, what happens to the molecules in it?

5. Draw an electron dot diagram for element 15, phosphorus, in column fifteen.

22. Warmup for Monday, May 12, 2008

1. Describe a double replacement reaction.

2. Describe the characteristics of acids.

3. Describe the pH scale.

4. How are salts formed?

5. Draw an electron dot diagram for element 12, magnesium, in column two.

21. Warmup for Thursday, May 8, 2008

1. What are the reactants in a neutralization reaction?

2. If an element has an atomic number of 17 and a weight of 35, how many neutrons does it have?

3. Which symbol is written correctly? Which element is it? CL cl cL Cl

4. What are valence electrons?

5. What are the products for the reaction described in question #1?

20. Warmup for Tuesday, May 6, 2008

1. What kind of reaction requires oxygen?

2. If nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 and a weight of 14, how many neutrons does it have?

3. What is the pH scale used for?

4. What do acids donate to bases?

5. What are the products for the reaction described in question #1?

19. Warmup for Monday, May 5, 2008

1. What kind of reaction switches two partners?

2. If cadmium has an atomic number of 48 and a weight of 114, how many neutrons does it have?

3. How many valence electrons does the next to last column have?

4. What do we call the next to last column?

5. What is kinetic energy?

18. Warmup for Friday, May 2, 2008

1. What kind of reaction switches one partner?

2. If Boron has an atomic number of five and has six neutrons, what is its atomic weight/mass?

3. How many valence electrons does the fifteenth column have?

4. Do bases contain an H⁺ or OH^-?

5. What is potential energy?

17. Warmup for Thursday, May 1, 2008

1. What kind of reaction makes a new substance from parts?

2. What do we call atoms with an electric charge?

3. How many valence electrons does the second column have?

4. Do acids contain an H⁺ or OH^-?

5. What is a characteristic of a good indicator?

16. Warmup for Monday, April 28, 2008

1. If an acid is mixed with a metal, what gas is formed?

2. What is the chemical formula for the gas formed in #1?

3. Which are you more likely to find in foods: acids, bases, or neutrals?

4. Which is more likely found in cleaning agents?

5. On the pH scale, what numbers are acid, which is neutral, and which are basic?

15. Warmup for Monday, April 21, 2008

1. List one rule for fire safety and how you dress and explain why it is important.

2. What is the basic rule about balancing chemical equations?

3. What does the Law of Conservation of Mass describe?

4. What are two ways that solar energy can be used?

5. Draw an electron dot diagram for element 14.

14. Warmup for Tuesday, April 15, 2008

1. What is today in the United States?

2. What is the difference between mass and weight?

3. What is the oxidation number of the nitrogen family?

4. What is the molecular formula for calcium chloride?

5. Draw an electron dot diagram for #4.

13. Warmup for Monday, April 14, 2008

1. What is heat of fusion?

2. What unit is used to measure mass?

3. What is terminal velocity?

4. Where are metalloids found on the periodic table?

5. What is the molecular weight of sugar C₆H₂₂O₁₁?

12. Warmup for Thursday, April 10, 2008

1. What is acceleration?

2. Which is larger - kilo-, centi-, or milli-?

3. What is friction?

4. What is an ionic bond?

5. What is the molecular weight of KPO₄?

11. Warmup for Tuesday, April 8, 2008

1. What is the mass of one mole of mercury?

2. Liquid to gas change is called _______________.

3. Draw an electron dot diagram for phosphorus.

4. What is the molecular weight of ethane, C₂H₆?

5. What is the molecular weight of hydrochloric acid, HCl?

10. Warmup for Monday, April 7, 2008

1. What is the mass of one mole of sodium?

2. Solid to liquid change is called _______________.

3. Draw an electron dot diagram for strontium.

4. What is the molecular weight of ammonia, NH₃?

5. What is the molecular weight of sodium hydroxide (lye) NaOH?

9. Warmup for Thursday, April 3, 2008

1. Why is it important to wash your hands after a lab?

2. Solid to gas change is called _______________.

3. Draw an electron dot diagram for carbon.

4. What are isotopes?

5. What is a chemical bond?

8. Warmup for Tuesday, April 1, 2008

1. Name of the last family in the Periodic Table.

2. Describe what happens to matter as it is heated up.

3. Draw an electron dot diagram for bromine.

4. Symbol for chlorine.

5. W is the symbol for what element?

7. Warmup for Monday, March 31, 2008

1. Name of the next to last family in the Periodic Table.

2. List the three states of matter from highest to lowest energy.

3. How many electrons fit in the second shell or energy level?

4. Symbol for potassium.

5. Na is the symbol for what element?

6. Warmup for Friday, March 21, 2008

1. Name of the last family in the Periodic Table.

2. Name of the first family.

3. How many electrons fit in the first shell or energy level?

4. Symbol for chlorine.

5. Sn is the symbol for what element?

5. Warmup for Friday, March 14, 2008

1. When should the safety shower be used?

2. What are electrons found in?

3. How many electrons fit in the answer to #2?

4. Can real images be focused on a screen?

4. Warmup for Monday, March 10, 2008

1. If an element doesn't react, it might be because . . . .

2. How should spills be treated in a science lab?

3. What is work, as defined by physics?

4. Why do you think that there are eight elements in the second and third periods, rather than more or fewer?

3. Warmup for Friday, March 7, 2008

1. What is the major characteristic of the first group?

2. What is the major characteristic of the last group?

3. Why are columns called families or groups?

4. If an atom had more electrons than protons, what would happen to its electric charge?

5. What do you think electrically balanced means?

2. Warmup for Thursday, March 6, 2008

1. What are the rows in the periodic table called?

2. What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?

3. If two elements have the same atomic number, but different atomic masses, they are _______________ of each other.

4. In a chemical symbol, the second letter (if there is one), should always be ___________.

5. The number of protons is the same as the number of _____________.

1. Warmup for Tuesday, March 4, 2008

1. Where is the mass of an atom located?

2. If you add energy to a liquid, what happens to the molecules in it?

3. How do the masses of a proton and an electron compare?

4. How do the volumes of gasses and liquids compare?

21. Warmup for Thursday, February 28, 2008

1. List one thing that you have learned about mirrors.

2. List one thing that you have learned about light.

3. What is a use for the longest e-m waves?

4. Which e-m waves do you feel from a fire?

20. Warmup for Tuesday, February 26, 2008

1. What is the fuel for a fuel cell?

2. Why is CO₂ believed to be causing global warming?

3. What separates good science from junk science?

4. What are the two units in density?

5. CSAP review

19. Warmup for Monday, February 25, 2008

1. What are the two types of lenses? Draw sketches of each and show how light travels relative to each.

2. How are the primary colors of light and pigment similar and different? Explain what each are, and how they combine to form new colors. What happens when all three are added together? What are the two additive processes called?

3. Distinguish among opaque, translucent, and transparent.

4. CSAP review question

18. Warmup for Friday, February 22, 2008

1. Explain how polarized light works and why polarized sunglasses are useful.

2. What is the relationship between wavelength in the e-m spectrum and energy?

3. How do magnets get their magnetic field? How can they be damaged or destroyed?

4. Explain how a prism works.

5. CSAP review question

17. Warmup for Thursday, February 21, 2008

1. Sketch the three types of mirrors and label them.

2. Sketch the two types of lenses and label them.

3. What is the definition of work?

4. CSAP review question

16. Warmup for Tuesday, February 19, 2008

1. Do electromagnetic waves require a medium?

2. Do sound waves require a medium?

3. Three primary pigment colors are:

4. Name an everyday use for e-m waves.

5. CSAP review question

15. Warmup for Friday, February 15, 2008

1. Distinguish between opaque, transparent, and translucent.

2. The three primary light colors are:

3. If you mix all the primary pigment colors together you get:

4. Are sound waves part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

5. CSAP review question

14. Warmup for Thursday, February 14, 2008

1. What causes echoes?

2. What is the difference between velocity and speed?

3. Which kind of waves have more energy: radio or gamma?

4. Which kind of e-m waves have more energy: low or high frequency?

5. CSAP review

13. Warmup for Tuesday, February 12, 2008

1. What is a spectrum?

2. What does a prism do?

3. Which way do the particles vibrate in a compressional wave compared to the way the wave moves? The same direction, or perpendicular?

4. What is the difference between opaque, translucent, and transparent?

5. CSAP review question.

12. Warmup for Friday, February 8, 2008

1. Which is luminous, the sun or the moon?

2. Draw a sketch of a concave lens.

3. What is a hertz?

4. CSAP review question

11. Warmup for Thursday, February 7, 2008

1. Sketch the two types of waves.

2. When creating a graph, how many labels/titles should you have?

3. Which variable goes on which axis?

4. CSAP review question

10. Warmup for Thursday, January 31, 2008

1. How can you figure the velocity of a wave?

2. What is the symbol for wavelength?

3. What is the hearing range of most people?

4. What does the Doppler Effect affect?

9. Warmup for Tuesday, January 29, 2008

1. What is refraction?

2. What is the difference between a beaker and a flask?

3. In an electric circuit, what flows in the wires?

4. What is acceleration?

8. Warmup for Monday, January 28, 2008

1. Draw a transverse wave and label the following parts: crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude

2. What makes noise different from music?

3. List two advantages of fossil fuels over renewable fuels.

7. Warmup for Friday, January 25, 2008

1. What are the two parts of a compressional wave?

2. Echoes are an example of what?

3. What is it called when two waves interact with each other?

4. What does a wave move through?

6. Warmup for Thursday, January 24, 2008

1. What kind of wave is a water wave?

2. What is the top of a wave called?

3. What is another word for the height of a wave?

4. Mass times acceleration equals ______________.

5. See previous warmup and answer question on page 19.

5. Warmup for Tuesday, January 22, 2008

1. What is potential energy?

2. What is kinetic energy?

3. What are the two ways that solar energy is used?

4. Why are fuel cells advantageous to use?

5. http://curriculum.dpsk12.org/scien/CSAP_sci_demo_g8_2005.pdf page 14

4. Warmup for Monday, December 17, 2007

1.    A car is parked on top of a tall hill. Which of the following will increase its potential energy? a. adding more passengers     b. parking it at the bottom of the hill    c. painting the outside of the car black to absorb heat    d. make the path down the hill steeper

2.    In order to form water from hydrogen gas (H₂)and oxygen gas (O₂), you would need   a. the same amount of hydrogen and oxygen.   b. twice as much hydrogen as oxygen. c. twice as much oxygen as hydrogen.    d. nothing because this is an impossible task.

3.    What is conduction?
a.    the process of changing a gas to a liquid
b.    the circulation of air caused by warmer air rising and cooler air sinking
c.    the process of changing a liquid to a gas
d.    the movement of heat from one molecule to another

4.    How do you calculate power?
a. energy / time    b. force * distance    c. mass * acceleration        d. mass / volume

5.    Why is renewable energy important?
a.    It can be used in places that do not have access to power plants.
b.    Most types do not have waste products that are harmful to the environment.
c.    It does not rely on sources that may run out in the future.
d.    All of the above.

3. Warmup for Friday, December 7, 2007

1.    What two factors determine how much kinetic energy something has?
a. mass and speed    b. mass and position    c. speed and position    d. mass and volume

2.    Chemical energy can be stored in all of the following EXCEPT
a. a battery.    b. the food we eat.    c. gasoline.        d. a wind turbine

3.    Burning oil produces what gas that is said to be contributing to global warming?
a. water        b. oxygen        c. carbon dioxide    d. ozone

4.    When an electrical current is passed through water, hydrogen and oxygen gases are formed. What is this process called?
a. Electrolysis        b. Osmosis        c. Oxygenation    d. Hydrolysis

5.    Energy efficiency is
a.    the amount of energy stored in a fossil fuel.
b.    the amount of usable energy divided by the total energy put into the system.
c.    the amount of wasted energy divided by the total energy put into the system.
d.    the total amount of energy in a system.

2. Warmup for Friday, November 30, 2007

1.    Which of the following is the "Law of Conservation of Energy"?
a.    Energy can be created and destroyed but cannot be transformed.
b.    Energy cannot be created nor destroyed and cannot be transformed.
c.    Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transformed.
d.    Energy can be created, destroyed and transformed.

2.    H2O is an example of a(n)
a. atom.        b. element.        c. molecule.        d. mixture.

3.    Energy stored in an object due to its position is called
a. kinetic energy.    b. potential energy.    c. thermal energy.    d. nuclear energy.

4.    An electrical current is generated when which type of particles flow through a wire?
a. protons        b. neutrons        c. electrons        d. atoms

5.What phase of matter contains molecules that have the most amount of energy?
a. solid        b. liquid        c. gas

1. Warmup for Monday, November 26, 2007

1. Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?
a. oil                       b. water                c. coal                         d. natural gas

2. Energy is transported from the sun to the earth by   a. radiation.            b. convection.                   c. conduction.                   d. precipitation.

3. When certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun, they cause the temperature of the earth to rise. What is this phenomenon called?    a. Ozone Depletion   b. Greenhouse Effect c. Photosynthesis   d. Electrolysis

4. An energy source that will eventually run out is called a(n) __________ resource                     a. renewable            b. endangered             c. non-renewable            d. recycled

5. A battery converts its stored ____________ energy to provide electrical energy.
a. mechanical            b. chemical                       c. thermal             d. nuclear

September 17, 2007
Invitations to apply for prospective members should be sent out early this week. Students were chosen based on their entire year's report card last year. When the year was over, I looked through all the 5/6 students' report cards. Those students who had all As and Bs with no more than one C were added to the list. It is my hope that with the new grading software that next year will be more streamlined and objective than this year's process.

September 10, 2007
Officers need to meet with me this week to extend invitations to prospective members.

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